Molecular placement of experimental electron density: a case study on UDP-galactopyranose mutase

The structure of UDP-galactopyranose mutase, the enzyme responsible for the conversion of UDP-galactopyranose to UDP-galactofuranose, has been solved. The structure solution required the use of two crystal forms and a selenomethionine variant. Crystal form P21 was used to collect a complete MAD data set, a native data set and a single-wavelength non-isomorphous selenomethionine data set. A starting set of MAD phases was then improved by non-crystallographic averaging and cross-crystal averaging of all P21 data. The initial maps were of such low quality that transformation matrices between cells could not be determined. It was therefore assumed that although there were large changes in unit-cell parameters, the molecule occupied the same position in each cell. This starting assumption was allowed to refine during the averaging procedure and did so satisfactorily. Despite a visible increase in the quality of the map allowing some secondary-structural elements to be located, the overall structure could not be traced and refined. The rediscovery of the second crystal form, P212121, allowed the collection of a native data set to 2.4 A. Molecular placement of electron density was used to determine the relationship between the two unit cells. In this study, only the already averaged P21 experimental density could be placed in the P212121 map. Less extensively density-modified maps did not give a clear solution. The study suggests even poor non-isomorphous data can be used to significantly improve map quality. The relationship between P21 and P212121 could then be used in a final round of cross-crystal averaging to generate phases. The resulting map was easily traced and the structure has been refined. The structure sheds important light on a novel mechanism and is also a therapeutic target in the treatment of tuberculosis.