The effects of small-scale convection in the shallow lithosphere of the North Atlantic

JL acknowledges the funds project MATHROCKS funded by European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No 777778 and the Agencia Nacional de Promoci´on Cient´ifica y Tecnol´ogica (PICT 2013-1309 and 2015-1229). SZ acknowledge the funds by Generalitat de Catalunya (grant number 1278 SGR 2017-2019) and Ministerio de Econom´ia y Empresa and Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci´on y Universidades (grant number DPI2017-85139-C2-2-R), and the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41776057,41761134051 and 91858213)