Mass balance of pharmaceutical and personal care products in a pilot-scale single-sludge system: Influence of T, SRT and recirculation ratio

Abstract The influence of operation condition on the fate of 16 pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in a single-sludge nitrifying/denitrifying pilot plant was assessed. Volatilisation, sorption and degradation were included in the mass balances to determine the most relevant removal mechanisms during PPCP treatment. Sludge retention time (SRT) was an important factor for the removal of compounds that significantly sorb onto sludge, as ethinylestradiol, whose removal increased 11% when working at SRT above 20 d. The internal recirculation ratio was significant for the removal of moderately biodegradable compounds, as citalopram. The positive effect of operating at warmer temperatures was particularly significant for two antibiotics, implying a 30% increase in their transformations. In the case of naproxen, an influence of sludge acclimation and concentration was observed, leading to removal efficiencies from 27% to 99%. Concerning removal mechanisms, most compounds were removed due to biotransformation, although for fragrances sorption and volatilisation played a role.