Selecting efficient methodologies for estimation of As and Hg availability in a brownfield

Abstract The determination of soil metal(loid) availability presents controversy and there is no consensus or uniformity on used analytical methods. In this study nine single extraction methods (H2O, CaCl2, NaNO3, NH4NO3, DTPA, EDTA, HCl, LMWOA, TCLP) and four sequential extraction procedures (Tessier, BCR, Wenzel and Fernandez-Martinez) have been compared to estimate the availability of As and Hg in two soils from a highly polluted brownfield, especially with As. The metal(loid) concentrations were also determined in three native plant species (Lotus corniculatus, Betula celtiberica and Dactylis glomerata) collected in the habitat under study. Each single extractant showed a particular capacity of As/Hg extraction because they do not extract the same forms of each element. The availability of As and Hg depended on the element characteristics, soil properties, type of extractant and degree of pollution, thus the use of a single extraction procedure provides limited information of metal(loid) availability and to reach general conclusions is difficult. Regarding the sequential extractions, each procedure showed a specific pattern for As and Hg regardless of the soil. Thus, the choice of one or other method depends on the environmental conditions, metal(loid) and soil properties. In risk assessment studies it would be recommendable to select one of the more aggressive extractants, so as not to underestimate the environmental risk. In this regard, the sequential extraction procedures render more detailed information about metal(loid) potential availability in relation to soil properties. The analysis of native plant species showed higher metal(loid) concentrations in roots than in aerial parts and differences were observed depending on the metal(loid) and the species. In general, plants showed a higher BCFs for Hg than As even though the total and available As concentrations were higher than those found for Hg, which highlights the influence of plant species on the metal(loid) uptake.