Phase‐Locked Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers

2005 
Synthesizers are used to generate frequencies with arbitrary resolution covering the frequency range from audio to millimeter-wave. Today, simple frequency synthesizers consist of a variety of synthesizer chips, an external voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a frequency standard. There are also combinations of techniques that I would like to refer to as “hybrid synthesizers.” They will be covered here. Keywords: hybrid synthesizer; phase-locked loop; voltage-controlled oscillator; frequency synthesizer; fractional-N principle
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