Vitamin D metabolites and analogs induce lipoxygenase mRNA expression and activity as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human bone cell line

Abstract Vitamin D metabolites and its less-calcemic analogs (vitamin D compounds) are beneficial for bone and modulate cell growth and energy metabolism. We now analyze whether 25(OH)D 3 (25D), 1,25(OH) 2 D 3 (1,25D), 24,25(OH) 2 D 3 (24,25D), JKF1624F 2 -2 (JKF) or QW1624F 2 -2 (QW) regulate lipooxygenase (LO) mRNA expression and its products; hydroxyl-eicosatetraenoic acid (12 and 15HETE) formation, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in human bone cell line (SaOS2) and their interplay with modulation of cell proliferation and energy metabolism. All compounds except 25D increased 12LO mRNA expression and modulated 12 and 15HETE production whereas ROS production was increased by all compounds, and inhibited by NADPH oxidase inhibitors diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) and N-acetylcysteine (NAc). Baicaleine (baic) the inhibitor of 12 and 15LO activity blocked only slightly the stimulation of DNA synthesis by all compounds, whereas DPI inhibited almost completely the stimulation of DNA and CK by all compounds. Treatments of cells with 12 or 15HETE increased DNA synthesis and CK that were only slightly inhibited by DPI. These results indicate that vitamin D compounds increased oxidative stress in osteoblasts in part via induction of LO expression and activity. The increased ROS production mediates partially elevated cell proliferation and energy metabolism, whereas the LO mediation is not essential. This new feature of vitamin D compounds is mediated by intracellular and/or membranal binding sites and its potential hazard could lead to damage due to increased lipid oxidation, although the transient mediation of ROS in cell proliferation is beneficial to bone growth in a yet unknown mechanism.