Advances in Venomous Snake Systematics, 2009–2019

124Taxonomy is concerned with the discovery of biodiversity, its classification, and the establishment of a system of nomenclature that provides unique labels for individual species and thus, a standardized, universal means of communication. Our grasp of the planet’s biodiversity remains incomplete, and this applies to venomous reptiles just as much as to most other taxa. New species are still being discovered regularly, and our understanding of their phylogenetic relationships is constantly evolving. This results inevitably in changes to the scientific names of populations and species of these animals. For toxinologists, following these developments is essential to ensure correct identification of experimental animals, venoms and causes of bites as well as for the development of antivenoms and drug discovery. This chapter summarizes changes in the nomenclature and taxonomy of venomous reptiles over the last 10 years. A total of 102 front-fanged snake species were added to the list, as well as a number of opisthoglyphous colubrids and beaded lizards, mostly through the splitting of previously known species but also due to new discoveries in previously poorly explored regions. Changes in genus-level nomenclature due to new phylogenetic insights also affected a number of well-known groups (seasnakes, Asian green pitvipers, neotropical lanceheads).