Time-Modulated Antenna Array for Real-Time Adaptation in Wideband Wireless Systems—Part II: Adaptation Study

In this article, an adaptive antenna system (AAS) based on a time-modulated antenna array (TMAA) and population-based metaheuristic algorithm is presented. The algorithm is driven by the signal-to-noise ratio measurements and provides real-time adaptation of the antenna pattern. This article also addresses the issue of multiband reception with a TMAA, demonstrating that the sidebands generated from frequency-diverse signals can overlap and interfere. The effectiveness of the AAS as part of a wireless communication system is presented in three different experimental scenarios that consider gradually or rapidly changing conditions as well as the interference caused by the reception of two signals with different carrier frequencies.