An electrochemical cell with sapphire windows for operando synchrotron X-ray powder diffraction and spectroscopy studies of high-power and high-voltage electrodes for metal-ion batteries

A novel operando electrochemical cell with single‐crystal sapphire X‐ray windows has been designed for and successfully applied to the investigation of phase transformations and the valence states of the cations in high‐power and high‐voltage cathode materials for Li‐ion batteries.