Mapping of physiological and trace elements with X-PEEM

We present chemical mapping of all physiologically relevant elements at the subcellular level, as well as the trace element Gd. A broad energy range (60-1200 eV) is fundamental to investigate all the elements in the same microscopic locations. Concentrated elements (> 100 ppm) can be simply mapped by image ratio, while dilute species must be treated with great care to avoid artifacts. We propose a new method to obtain location maps of trace elements.