Land Cover Change Impacts on Land Surface Temperature in Jakarta and Its Satellite Cities

Indonesia's capital city, Jakarta, is surrounded by several satellite cities and has grown spatially into a larger region called Jabodetabek. The development in Jabodetabek has resulted in changes in the landscape. The increase of impervious surface and decrease of green space has led to the formation of an urban heat island (UHI). UHI could be detected through land surface temperature (LST) monitoring. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to analyze the land cover changes in Jakarta and its satellite cities and to analyze the impact of these changes on LST using GIS-based analysis. We analyzed Jakarta and its three satellite cities, Depok, Tangerang, and Bekasi, through a satellite image time-series analysis in 1989/1990 and 2015/2018. It is found that, among the four cities we analyzed, Tangerang has the highest built-up area expansion proportion, followed by Bekasi with a slight difference, then Depok and Jakarta. As for the LST, the city that has the most significant difference between mean LST in the initial and recent year is Bekasi with 12.66°C, then followed by Tangerang (11.05°C), Jakarta (8.34°C), and Depok (6.43°C). These orders' inconsistency might be caused by higher proportion of built-up area combined with higher loss of vegetated area. This shows that the land cover change played a big role in the temperature increase.