Nuclear factor (NF)-κB p65 regulates differentiation of human and mouse lung fibroblasts mediated by TGF-β

Abstract Aims Nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis. However, the expression and roles of NF-κB p65 subunit in fibroblasts under fibrotic conditions have not been studied. We checked the expression of p65 in lung tissue and fibroblasts from bleomycin (BLM) challenged mice and investigated the roles of p65 in human lung fibroblast differentiation during transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) challenge. Main methods A murine model of BLM-induced lung fibrosis and in vitro cultures of lung fibroblast from human and mouse were used to study the expression and role of p65 during fibrogenesis. The si-RNA knockdown strategy was used to check the mechanism of TGF-β induced p65 expression and roles of p65 during fibroblast differentiation. Key findings We found that the expression of p65 was significantly increased in lung tissue, fibrotic foci and fibroblast from BLM-challenged mice. In vitro, TGF-β stimulated p65 expression, nuclear translocation and cell differentiation in human lung fibroblast; knockdown smad3 expression inhibited TGF-β-induced p65 expression and differentiation in human lung fibroblast. Additionally, knockdown the expression of p65 suppressed TGF-β-induced differentiation and p65 translocation to nuclei in human lung fibroblast. Significance These data suggested that p65 expression is up-regulated in lung fibroblast during differentiation through TGF-β/smad3 pathway and synergistically regulates TGF-β induced differentiation of lung fibroblasts.