Archean and Paleoproterozoic crustal evolution and evidence for cryptic Paleoarchean-Hadean sources of the NW São Francisco Craton, Brazil: lithochemistry, geochronology, and isotope systematics of The Cristalândia do Piauí Block

Abstract The Cristalândia do Piaui Block, located in the northwestern margin of the Sao Francisco Craton, represents the basement of the Rio Preto Fold Belt. It is composed of Archean orthogneisses of ca. 3.2 Ga reworked at 2.81 and 2.68 Ga with juvenile to moderately juvenile eHf values between -1.51 and -8.07, and high-K syenogranites dated at 2.65 Ga with crustal eHf values between -10.37 and -19.54, both with model ages (TDMc) varying from 3.57 to 4.33 Ga, indicating cryptic Paleo- to Eoarchean and even Hadean sources. Metamafic-ultramafic rocks, iron formations, metacherts, and graphite schists occur in association with the Archean orthogneiss. The whole set is intruded by Paleoproterozoic (ca. 2.2 Ga) metagranitoids with compositions varying from granodioritic with sanukitoid-type signatures to monzogranitic, and alkali-feldspar granitic with crustal signatures. They are related to the Rhyacian-Orosirian orogeny, responsible for the complex deformation patterns printed in the Archean basement. Orosirian metasedimentary rocks are represented by garnet-biotite paragneiss with maximum depositional age of ca. 1.95 Ga. Intrusive mafic dikes in the complex show ages of ca. 2.07 Ga and isotopic features of mantle-derived magmas. Considering the presented data, the Cristalândia do Piaui Block represents a metacratonic domain corresponding to part of the Guanambi-Correntina Paleoplate, wich had been involved in crustal accretion and reworking from the Archean to the Paleoproterozoic. Many of the elements of the evolutionary stages wicha are present in the Sao Francisco-Congo Paleocontinent can be recognized, suggesting an evolution of this crustal segment amounts to the Eoarchean era and disclosing the existence of cryptic Paleoarchean or even Hadean nuclei, reworked in at least three metamorphic events during the Rhyacian-Orosirian orogeny.