13C and 15N isotope effects for conversion of L-dihydroorotate to N-carbamyl-L-aspartate using dihydroorotase from hamster and Bacillus caldolyticus.

In the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway, N-carbamyl-L-aspartate (CA-asp) is converted to L-dihydroorotate (DHO) by dihydroorotase (DHOase). The mechanism of this important reaction was probed using primary and secondary 15 N and 13 C isotope effects on the ring opening of DHO using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). The reaction was performed at three different temperatures (25, 37, and 45 °C for hamster DHOase; 37, 50, and 60 °C for Bacillus caldolyticus), and the product CA-asp was purified for analysis. The primary and secondary kinetic isotope effects for the ring opening of the DHO were determined from analysis of the N and C of the carbamyl group after hydrolysis. In addition, the /3-carboxyl of the residual aspartate was liberated enzymatically by transamination to oxaloacetate with aspartate aminotransferase and then decarboxylation with oxaloacetate decarboxylase. The 13 C/ 12 C ratio from the released CO 2 was determined by IRMS, yielding a second primary isotope effect. The primary and secondary isotope effects for the reaction catalyzed by DHOase showed little variation between enzymes or temperatures, the primary 13 C and 15 N isotope effects being approximately 1% on average, while the secondary 13 C isotope effect is negligible or very slightly normal (>1.0000). These data indicate that the chemistry is at least partially rate-limiting while the secondary isotope effects suggest that the transition state may have lost some bending and torsional modes leading to a slight lessening of bond stiffness at the carbonyl carbon of the amide of CA-asp. The equilibrium isotope effects for DHO - CA-asp have also been measured (secondary 13 K eq = 1.0028 ± 0.0002, primary 13 K eq = 1.0053 ± 0.0003, primary 15 K eq = 1.0027 ± 0.0003). Using these equilibrium isotope effects, the kinetic isotope effects for the physiological reaction (CA-asp - DHO) have been calculated. These values indicate that the carbon of the amide group is more stiffly bonded in DHO while the slightly lesser, but still normal, values of the primary kinetic isotope effect show that the chemistry remains at least partially rate-limiting for the physiological reaction. It appears that the ring opening and closing is the slow step of the reaction.