Glycolaldehyde and maleyl conjugated human serum albumin as potential macrophage-targeting carriers for molecular imaging purposes.

Maleylated bovine serum albumin is a known ligand for targeting macrophages and has potential as a carrier for molecular imaging purposes. We present a novel synthesis of glycolaldehyde-conjugated human serum albumin (GA-HSA) and maleylated human serum albumin (Mal-HSA). Seventeen modifications of fluorescently tagged GA-HSA and Mal-HSA molecules with different degrees of conjugation were prepared. The comparative uptake studies, using 12 of these modifications, were done in vitro on mouse monocytes/macrophages (RAW264.7), and evaluated qualitatively by confocal microscopy and quantitatively by flow cytometry. The GA modifications are taken up by the macrophages approximately 40% better than the maleyl modifications at low concentrations (≤3 μm), while at higher concentrations it appears that the maleyl modifications are taken up around 25–44% better than the GA-modified HSA. However, high uptake at low concentrations will be beneficial for in vivo localizing inflammation in areas with low penetration of the probe as in an atherosclerotic plaque. Further, another advantage of GA-HSA is that GA competes less than the maleyl group for the free reactive amine sites that are to be used for conjugation of metal chelating ligands (e.g. tetraazacyclododecanetetraacetic acid and triazacyclononanetriacetic acid). Metal ions such as Gd3+ and Mn2+ can be chelated for positive Magnetic Resonance (MR) contrast and positron emitting ions such as 64Cu2+ and 68Ga3+ for Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging. These are important properties, especially, when considering the MR contrast possibilities owing to the low sensitivity of the technique, and would motivate the use of GA-HSA before Mal-HSA. © 2014 The Authors. Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.