The need to protect fresh and brackish groundwater resources during unconventional oil and gas development

Abstract Freshwater shortages in the United States have led to increased use of treated brackish groundwater for domestic, agricultural, and municipal uses. This increased use highlights the need for protecting groundwater resources, especially during unconventional oil and gas development. We analyzed the criteria that define protected groundwater in 17 oil- and natural-gas-producing states. In general, we find that these criteria are ambiguous and do not protect brackish groundwater to criteria established for Underground Sources of Drinking Water (USDWs) in the United States Environmental Protection Agency's Underground Injection Control Program. This lack of consistent protection, and continuing unconventional oil and gas development in formations containing USDWs, highlights the need for all states to protect groundwater to the same federally defined standard for USDWs to safeguard fresh and brackish groundwater for present and future use.