Interannual evolution of elemental carbon-containing particles in winter in the atmosphere of Chengdu, China.

Abstract As one of the important components of PM2.5, elemental carbon (EC) particles could quickly mix with other organic or inorganic species after entering the atmosphere, which directly affected its climate and environmental effects and impact on human health. In order to study the mixture and evolution of EC particles in the atmosphere, this study used single particle aerosol mass spectrometry to measure the EC-containing particles in three winters (2016/17, 2018/19 and 2019/20) in Chengdu, one of the most polluted megacities in China. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM2.5 in the three winters were 121 ± 58 μg m−3, 90 ± 32 μg m−3 and 79 ± 38 μg m−3, respectively, and the mass ratios of PM2.5/PM10 were 0.71, 0.78 and 0.78, respectively. EC-containing particles accounted for 40.7%–54.7% of all particles and could be divided into six categories: EC-dust (EC-D), fresh EC (ECf), EC-organic carbon (EC-OC), EC-nitrate (EC-N), EC-sulfate (EC-S) and EC-sulfate-nitrate (EC-SN). From winter 2016/17 to 2019/20, the contributions of EC-N and EC-OC particles increased, while the contributions of EC-S and EC-SN particles decreased. Meanwhile, EC-N particles became increasingly important for the formation of heavy pollution. Photochemical and liquid-phase processes dominated the formation of EC-N and EC-S particles, respectively, while the dominant formation mechanism of EC-SN particles changed from photochemical to liquid-phase processes from winter 2016/17 to 2019/20. Total EC and EC-S particles in Chengdu were mainly transported from the east and southeast areas to Chengdu, while ECf particles mainly derived from local emissions. Compared with the previous two winters, the potential source areas of the EC-containing particles in winter 2019/20 reduced significantly. These findings provide new insight into the atmospheric behavior of urban particles and are important reference for the study of EC particles in other regions in the world, especially in urban areas.