American elm (Ulmus americana) in restoration plantings: a review

The development of disease-tolerant American elm (Ulmus americana) trees has led to a need for reintroduction and restoration methods for the species. Here we review the current state of experimental work to inform reintroduction biology and restoration ecology of American elm. Much of this work is ongoing, and within several years the results will provide guidance for managers to use the species in restoration plantings. We identify additional research needs and opportunities to consider in development of American elm restoration strategies.