Caracterización genética, química y agronómica de líneas avanzadas de tomate de cáscara

2019 
espanolIntroduccion. Conocer la diversidad a nivel genetico, quimico y morfologico que existe entre individuos y poblaciones, es de gran utilidad en los programas de mejoramiento genetico, ya que facilita la organizacion del material y la seleccion adecuada de genotipos superiores para el desarrollo de una poblacion mejorada. Objetivo. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar genetica, quimica y agronomicamente lineas avanzadas de tomate de cascara (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.), del programa de mejoramiento de hortalizas del Campo Experimental Bajio (CE-Bajio) del Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Mexico. Materiales y metodos. Durante la temporada primavera-verano y otono-invierno de 2017, se cuantifico la variabilidad genetica con marcadores moleculares de ADN de tipo AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism); se determinaron los compuestos fenolicos y tomatidina en fruto, y en lo agronomico el porcentaje de germinacion, numero de frutos por planta, peso del fruto, diametro ecuatorial y polar, y el rendimiento. Resultados. Se obtuvo un promedio general de similitud entre los genotipos de 0,86. De acuerdo con las relaciones geneticas, se detectaron las lineas 4 y 70 como posibles progenitores de hibridos y un patron geografico en los agrupamientos. La diversidad quimica indico que el mayor contenido de flavonoides (51,1 mg EAG/100 g) se presento en la L-86, de fenoles y antocianinas (396, 8 y 7,22 mg EAG/100 g, resp.) en la L-182, y de taninos (188,4 mg EAG/100 g) en la L-97, mientras que la tomatidina fue mayor en frutos verdes (2,23-3,81 mg EAG/100 g) que en morados. El intervalo de rendimiento de las lineas fue de 11,4 a 47,6 t/ha, donde el 20% de las lineas superaron la media de rendimiento nacional (40 t/ha). Se destaco la L-37 con 47,6 t/ha, que ademas produjo mayor numero de frutos por planta, diametro ecuatorial y polar, y una tasa de germinacion de 93,3%. Conclusion. Las lineas 37, 25, 27 y 167, tienen potencial para ser validadas para uso comercial y como lineas parentales. EnglishIntroduction. Knowledge about the genetic, chemical and morphological diversity that exists between individuals and populations is very useful in breeding programs, because it facilitates the organization of the material and the appropriate selection of superior genotypes for the development of an improved population. Objective. The aim of this research was to make a genetic, chemical and agronomic characterization in twenty advanced husk tomato lines (Physalis ixocarpa Brot.), belonging to the vegetable breeding program of the Campo Experimental Bajio (CE-Bajio), of the Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agricolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Mexico. Materials and methods. During the spring-summer and autumn-winter 2017, the genetic variability was quantified with molecular markers of DNA, type AFLP (Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms), likewise, the phenolic and tomatidine compounds in the fruit were determined, and agronomic traits like germination percentage, number of fruits per plant, weight of the fruit, equatorial and polar diameter per fruit, and fruit yield were determined. A general average of similarity between the genotypes of 0.86 was obtained. Results. A general similitude mean between genotypes of 0.86 was obteined. According to the genetic relationships, a geographic pattern was identified and genotypes 4 and 70 were detected as possible progenitors of improved hybrids. Chemical diversity indicated that the fruits flavonoids content in L-86 was the highest (51.1mg EAG/100g), phenols (396.8 mg EAG/100 g) and anthocyanin’s (7.22 mg EAG/100g) for L-182 and tannins (188.4 mg EAG/100 g) for L-97, while tomatidine (2.23-3.81 mg EAG/100 g) was higher in green fruits than purple fruits. The agronomic results indicate that the lines fruit yield ranged from 11.4 to 47.6 t/ha, the 20% of the lines has a superior yield than the national mean yield (40 t/ha), The L-37 was noticeable, since it has the highest fruit yield with 47.6 t/ha, and has the highest number of fruits number per plant, equatorial and polar diameters, and germination rate (93.3%). Conclusion. Based on the results the lines 37, 25, 27 and 167 are positioned as lines with potential for commercial use and as parental lines.
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