Finally, how many efficiencies the supercomputers have? And, what do they measure?.

2020 
In the "gold rush" for higher performance numbers, a lot of confusion was introduced in supercomputing. The present paper attempts to clear up the terms through scrutinizing the basic terms, contributions, measurement methods. It is shown that using extremely large number of processing elements in computing systems leads to unexpected phenomena, that cannot be explained in the frame of the classical computing paradigm. The phenomena show interesting parallels with the phenomena experienced in science more than a century ago and through their studying a modern science was introduced. The introduced simple non-technical model enables to set up a frame and formalism enabling to explain the unexplained experiences around supercomputing. The model also enables to derive predictions of supercomputer performance for the near future as well as provides hints for enhancing supercomputer components.
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