Hybrid Entanglement Swapping for Satellite-Based Quantum Communications

Hybrid entanglement swapping supports the teleportation of any arbitrary states, regardless of whether the quantum information in the state is encoded in Discrete Variables (DV) or Continuous Variables (CV). In this work, we study the CV teleportation channel created between two ground receivers via direct lossy-distribution from a low-Earth-orbit (LEO) satellite. Such a flexible teleportation protocol has the potential to interconnect a global array of quantum-enabled devices regardless of the different intrinsic technology upon which the devices are built. However, past studies of hybrid entanglement swapping have not accounted for channel transmission loss. Here we derive the general framework for teleporting an arbitrary input mode over a lossy CV teleportation channel. We investigate the specific case where the input modes are part of DV states entangled in the photon number basis, then identify the optimal teleportation strategy. Our results show that, relative to DV photon-number entanglement sourced directly from the satellite, there are circumstances where our teleported DV states retain higher entanglement quality. We discuss the implications of our new results in the context of generating a global network of ultra-secure communications between different quantum-enabled devices which possess line-of-sight connections to LEO satellites. Specifically, we illustrate the impact the teleportation process has on the key rates from a Quantum Key Distribution protocol.