Instability, adiabaticity and controlling effects of external fields for the dark state in a heteronuclear atom–tetramer conversion system

We study the formation of stable heteronuclear tetramers from ultracold atoms via two different paths by generalized Raman adiabatic passage. The dynamical instability and adiabaticity of the dark state are investigated. The regions for the appearance of dynamical instability are analytically obtained and the adiabatic evolution is studied by adiabatic fidelity. Moreover, the effects of the external field parameters on the conversion efficiency are investigated, and a comparison is also drawn between the two different paths.