Kaempferol-3-O-glucorhamnoside inhibits inflammatory responses via MAPK and NF-κB pathways in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Klebsiella pneumoniae causes severe infections including pneumonia and sepsis and treatments are complicated by increased levels of antibiotic resistance. We have identified a flavonoid kaempferol-3- O -glucorhamnoside derived from the plant Thesium chinense Turcz that possessed potent anti-inflammatory effects in K. pneumoniae infected mice. Administration of kaempferol-3- O -glucorhamnoside before bacterial challenge effectively suppressed expression of the major inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and PGE2 and ameliorated lung edema. In addition, administration of this compound to cultured RAW macrophages or Balb/c mice resulted in the suppression of NFκB and MAP kinase phosphorylation indicating an inhibitory effect on inflammation in vitro and in vivo . Kaempferol-3- O -glucorhamnoside also decreased ROS levels and overall oxidative stress in lungs and in cultured cells generated by K. pneumoniae exposure. Taken together, kaempferol-3- O -glucorhamnoside is a potent anti-inflammatory in vitro and in vivo and is a promising therapeutic agent for treating K. pneumoniae infections in the clinic.