Sources of activity loss in the fuel cell enzyme bilirubin oxidase

Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance measurements with energy dissipation monitoring (E-QCM-D) show that the catalytic lifetime of the O2-reducing multicopper oxidase bilirubin oxidase from Myrothecium verrucaria, adsorbed on or covalently attached to a organothiol-modified gold electrode, is shortened from days to hours when the applied potential is cycled to below a critical potential (0.6 V vs. SHE at pH 6.0)