Acetylcholine Regulates Olfactory Perceptual Learning Through Effects on Adult Neurogenesis

Summary Learning to perceptually discriminate between chemical signals in the environment [olfactory perceptual learning (OPL)] is critical for survival. Multiple mechanisms have been implicated in olfactory perceptual learning, including modulation of neurogenesis and manipulation of cholinergic activity. However, whether these represent distinct processes regulating OPL or if cholinergic effects on OPL depend upon neurogenesis has remained an unresolved question. Using a combination of pharmacological and optogenetic approaches, cholinergic activity was shown to be both necessary and sufficient to drive OPL, and this process was dependent upon the presence of newly born cells in the olfactory bulb (OB). This study is the first to directly demonstrate that cholinergic effects on OPL require adult OB neurogenesis.