Temperature-independent curvature sensor based on in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer using hollow-core fiber

An in-fiber Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI), based on hollow core fiber (HCF), for measuring curvature is fabricated and experimentally demonstrated. The sensing part was fabricated by splicing a section of HCF between two sections of multimode fiber (MMF), and different HCF lengths were investigated in order to achieve the highest curvature sensitivity. These devices were tested in a transmission configuration using lead-in and lead-out single mode fibers (SMF). The sensor was attached to a steel sheet by using the polymer Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) for accurate control of the applied curvature. The modal analysis was carried out using a commercial software based on finite element method (FEM) and by incorporating some of the experimental data, it was feasible to determine the two dominant modes that interfere in this sensor. The devices were characterized by measuring the fringe contrast variations due to the curvature changes. The interferometer fabricated with a HCF 2.5 mm in length HCF showed the highest curvature sensitivity, −17.28 ± 2.30 dB/m−1, in a range from 1.84 m−1 to 2.94 m−1. Moreover, the sensor that exhibited a better performance was fabricated with a HCF length of 1 mm, combining the most extensive curvature range (from 0.95 m−1 to 2.68 m−1) and an adequate sensitivity (−11.80 ±1.30 dB/m−1). The analysis of the interferometric signal of this device in Fourier domain, allows us to establish a one to one relationship between the contrast and the curvature in a broader range (from 0 m−1 to 2.94 m−1). Moreover, the fringe contrast showed a very low dependency on temperature (from 30 °C to 90 °C), depicting that this device was not affected by temperate fluctuation.