Effects of Nanomaterial Saturable Absorption on Passively Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers in an Anomalous Dispersion Regime: Simulations and Experiments

In recent years, several kinds of nanomaterials have been successfully used for passive mode-locking, but it is not fully understand how the mode-locking performance is influenced by the different characteristics of these saturable absorbers (SAs). In this paper, we numerically and experimentally investigate the effects of nanomaterial saturable absorption (e.g., modulation depth and saturation intensity) on a passively mode-locked fiber laser in an anomalous dispersion regime. First, by numerically solving the Ginzburg–Landau equation, we analyze the evolution of the output performances (spectral bandwidth, pulse duration, and peak power) of passively mode-locked Er $^{3+}$ -doped fiber laser as the SA's modulation depth or saturation intensity. Then, we fabricate four nanomaterial-based SAs, which have the different modulation depth from 1.8% to 19.1%, the different saturation intensity from 11 to 180 MW/cm $^{2}$ , and the similar insertion loss of $\sim$ 3 dB. Finally, we perform the experimental comparison of passively mode-locked Er $^{3+}$ -doped fiber laser using the four nanomaterial-based SAs, respectively. Our results reveal that: 1) as the modulation depth increases, the mode-locked spectral bandwidth becomes wide and the pulse duration becomes short; and 2) the SA's saturation intensity has little influence on the output performance. The experimental results are in good agreement with the numerical simulations. This work could provide a useful guideline for choosing proper nanomaterial-based SA for different practical applications.