Innovative application of biobed bioremediation systems to remove emerging contaminants: Adsorption, degradation and bioaccesibility

Abstract Biobed bioremediation systems (BBSs) are widely used to prevent point-source pesticide contamination of water. However, these systems have never been investigated for possible elimination of emerging contaminants (ECs). In this study, two biobed systems, involving biomixtures elaborated with soil and raw olive mill cake (SCP) or its vermicompost (SVP), were assayed to determine their effectiveness in removing the ECs diclofenac, ibuprofen and triclosan from effluent wastewater. Adsorption, incubation and bioaccesibility experiments were carried out. The SCP and SVP biomixtures showed greater adsorption capacity than the soil (S), used as reference. In SVP and S, the degradation rates of the ECs applied were similar and over 94% of these compounds was removed after 84 days of incubation. However, SCP biomixture had a lower removal rate and the percentage of ECs removed ranged from 32 to 68%. In SVP, the bioaccesible fraction ( E ) reveals that approximately 82% of triclosan and diclofenac adsorption occurred in bioaccesible sites, thus explaining the more efficient decontamination observed in this biomixture. The relationship established between the bioaccesible and biodegradable fractions suggests that E values are a useful tool for predicting the endpoints of ECs biodegradation in bioremediation systems. UPLC/Q-TOF-MS analysis of samples showed different metabolite products.