Advances in fisheries science through emerging observing technologies

Fisheries is in need for high-quality observations at scales that resolve critical ecological processes and are timely for management. Recent advances in ocean observing technologies have improved the spatial and temporal resolution of measurements, performed during conventional scientific surveys as collaborative approaches, to better understand the dynamics and organization of fish populations and their associated habitat in a rapidly changing environment. In recent years, more reliable and cost-efficient sensors, platforms, and processing technologies have been deployed successfully, which we envision in the coming decade will revolutionize the wide-scale observations pertinent to ocean ecology and biology. The aim of this work is to review the emerging sensing technologies for selected major ecological and biological parameters relevant to fisheries science, and to identify transformative directions for future development of cost-effective technologies and deployment strategies.