Effect of composition on the voltage fade phenomenon in lithium-, manganese-rich x LiMnO 3 ·(1− x )LiNi a Mn b Co c O 2 : A combinatorial synthesis approach

Abstract The effect of composition on the voltage fade phenomenon was probed using combinatorial synthesis methods. In compositions that have the general formula, (Li 2 MnO 3 ) a (LiNiO 2 ) b (LiMnO 2 ) c (LiCoO 2 ) d , where 0 ≤  a ≤0.83, 0.15 ≤  b  ≤ 0.42, 0 ≤  c  ≤ 0.85, and 0 ≤  d  ≤ 0.30 ( a  +  b  +  c  +  d  = 1), the dependence of features in the x-ray diffraction pattern and of voltage fade on composition were identified and mapped. The observed values of voltage fade indicated that it displayed some sensitivity to composition, but that the sensitivity was not large. The values of voltage fade were found to be amenable to statistical modeling. The model indicated that it may be possible to lower the value of voltage fade below 0.01% by adjusting the composition of the system; however, the composition is not expected to have the layered–layered structure.