Upregulation of secretory connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) in keratinocyte‐fibroblast coculture contributes to keloid pathogenesis

Connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) plays a critical role in keloid pathogenesis by promoting collagen synthesis and deposition. Previous work suggested epithelial-mesenchymal interactions as a plausible factor affecting the expression of various growth factors and cytokines by both the epithelial and dermal mesenchymal cells. The aim of this study is to explore the role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in modulating CTGF expression. Immunohistochemistry was employed to check CTGF localization in skin tissue. Western blot assay was performed on total protein extracts from skin tissue, cell lysates and conditioned media to detect the basal/expression levels of CTGF. Study groups were subjected to serum stimulation (fibroblast-single cell culture) and pharmacological inhibitors targeted against mTOR (Rapamycin), Sp1 (WP631 and Mitoxanthrone), Smad3 (SB431542), and PI3K (LY294002). Increased localization of CTGF in the basal layer of keloid epidermis and higher expression of CTGF was observed in the keloid tissue extract. Interestingly, lower basal levels of CTGF was observed in fibroblast cell lysates cocultured with keloid keratinocytes compared to normal keratinocytes, while the conditioned media from the former culture consistently demonstrated a higher expression of secreted CTGF as compared to the latter group. These results demonstrate an important role of epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in the regulation of CTGF expression. Fibroblasts treated with inhibitors against mTOR, Sp1, Smad3, and PI3K demonstrated a reduced expression of CTGF, suggesting these signaling pathways to be important in the regulation of CTGF expression. Thus, revealing the therapeutic potentials for inhibitors that are selective for these factors in controlling CTGF expression in fibrotic conditions. J. Cell. Physiol. 208: 336–343, 2006. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.