Combined prenatal toxicity of 6‐mercaptopurine riboside and hydroxyurea in mice

Hydroxyurea (HU) and 6-mercaptopurine riboside (6-Mpr) are used as cytostatic chemotherapeutics. Their teratogenic potential in experimental animals has been well known for several decades. Generally, it is assumed that the toxicity of both agents is due to an interference with enzymes of DNA synthesis. In the case of 6-Mpr, it was speculated that the teratogenicity in rodents might be paralleled by or even correlated to an incorporation of 6-thioguanine into the DNA of the embryos. In this study, the interaction between these two compounds with regard to teratogenicity in NMRI mice was investigated. Dose-response data of 6-Mpr (s.c.-treatment) were published earlier. First, a dose-response study with HU alone (i.p.-treatment) was performed. From these data, the doses for the combination study were derived: HU 250 mg/kg (NOAEL dose) and 6-Mpr 16 mg/kg (strongly teratogenic dose). In all experimental groups the substances were administered to the dams once on day 11 of gestation. Combination effects were investigated applying various dosing regimens. In group I treatment was simultaneous, in group II HU was administered 2 h before 6-Mpr, in group III 2 h after 6-Mpr. The differences in the overall frequency of gross structural abnormalities were moderate. However, when analysing the effects in more detail (single abnormalities), group III exhibited great differences: 1) 6-Mpr co-treatment increased the frequency of HU effects (skull defects) and 2) HU co-treatment decreased the frequency of 6-Mpr effects (limb defects) when compared to the findings of the dose-response studies. In addition, the influence of HU on the 6-Mpr-induced DNA modification was determined by measuring the incorporation of 6-thioguanine into the DNA of day-11 embryos. As expected, the HU co-treatment corresponding to the group III dosing regimen of the teratogenicity experiment decreased the incorporation rate by ca. 40%. This was in parallel to the decrease in the frequency of 6-Mpr effects in the teratogenicity III group. This finding may be considered as a further indication that in the case of 6-Mpr, DNA modification is accompanying teratogenicity. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 19:223–232, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.