Combination immunotherapy with cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 and programmed death protein-1 inhibitors prevents postoperative breast tumor recurrence and metastasis

Post-operative tumor recurrence and metastasis remain an extreme challenge in breast cancer. Therapies that target cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) have provided unprecedented clinical benefits in various types of cancer. The aim of this study was to determine whether the combination of anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1 could prevent post-operative breast tumor recurrence and metastasis in breast tumor-bearing mice. The results indicated that the combination of CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors was more effective compared to single inhibitor of mammary tumor growth and prevention of post-surgical tumor recurrence and pulmonary metastasis (P