Tri-level robust planning-operation co-optimization of distributed energy storage in distribution networks with high PV penetration

Abstract High penetrations of photovoltaic (PV) in distributed networks lead to negative impacts such as voltage violations, which is getting worse when large-scale distributed PV systems come into picture. Due to deficiencies involved in traditional voltage regulation devices (TVRDs), energy storage systems, especially the distributed energy storage (DES) systems, are introduced to handle this problem. Majority challenges in planning and operating DES come from uncertainties involved in generation sources and loads, which dims the benefits from energy storage systems. This paper presents a novel tri-level robust planning-operation co-optimization model to determine the capacity, power, location and scheduling strategy of DES. A tri-level decomposition algorithm, which is composed of security-operation and optimal-dispatch cutting planes, is introduced to solve the non-convex min-max-min optimization problem. Case studies and sensitivity analyses further verify the proposed methodology and demonstrate its effectiveness.