High-Strouhal-number pulsatile flow in a curved pipe

The high-Strouhal-number pulsatile flow in a curved pipe is studied numerically. A general force analysis is developed for the bend force, where the new contribution from flow acceleration is identified and analysed. The mechanisms of secondary flow production are studied by extending Hawthorne's (Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 206, issue 1086, 1951, pp. 374–387) model to account for viscous effects and applied to assess the distinct contributions from an inviscid stretching and no-slip condition. A detailed comparison is made between the numerical simulations and models for a pipe flow characterised by a volume flux case, which is explained using a linear secondary flow model.