An X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy study of the atomization of Mo from pyrolytic graphite platforms in Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was employed as the analytical tool for the identification of the solid state species formed during the atomization of molybdenum on a pyrolytic graphite surface used for electrothermal atomization in atomic absorption spectroscopy (ETAAS). As XPS is capable of probing the amounts of materials employed in actual ETAAS measurements, it was anticipated that it would allow obtaining more realistic results than those reported in previous works by means of techniques such as X-ray diffraction, which requires thousand-fold amounts of the analyte. The results obtained by XPS showed a distribution pattern of the oxidation states of Mo on the graphite surface as a function of the temperatures reached at each stage of the ETAAS procedure, which was correlated with the possible species formed during the drying, ashing and atomization steps. In light of the present results, a previously proposed atomization mechanism for Mo was revisited, which allowed to disprove the alleged presence of phases such as Mo 4 O 11 at the ashing stage and of metallic Mo as a stable, intermediate phase during the Mo 2 C low temperature carbide formation at 1200–1900 °C. It is concluded that the XPS technique allows gaining an insight into the atomization mechanism of the analyte.