Organic light-emitting diode with ITO/organic photonic crystal

An organic light-emitting diode with a photonic crystal formed between indium–tin–oxide (ITO) and organic layers is demonstrated. Improvements of 50 and 140% in luminance efficiency and peak intensity, respectively, are successfully achieved compared with samples without photonic crystals, due to the enhancement of light extraction efficiency for confined modes in ITO/organic layers by photonic crystal effect.