Changes in Chemical Composition and Accumulation of Cryoprotectants as the Adaptation of Anholocyclic Aphid Cinara tujafilina to Overwintering.

One of the consequences of climate change is the expansion of insects' ranges. Colonization of new habitats forces insects to adapt to new conditions, such as low temperatures in winter. Cinara tujafilina is a thermophilic anholocyclic aphid species, which reproduce exclusively parthenogenetic throughout the year, including winter. On the areas where the populations of C. tujafilina had expanded, it demonstrated its adaptation for surviving colder winters. Based on analyses of changes in body chemical composition using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and changes in cryoprotectant content using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we showed how aphid C. tujafilina adapted to overwintering as an active stage. In the FTIR spectrum of the winter type of C. tujafilina, higher peak values originating from the carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, were observed. Glucose, trehalose, mannitol, myo-inositol and glycerol were identified in the aphid body in winter as main putative cryoprotectants to increase the insects' tolerance to cold. The complex sugar-polyol cryoprotectant system facilitates aphids' survival in unfavorable low temperatures.