Implied emission factors in the World Bank’s Carbon Pricing Assessment Tool (CPAT)

The implied emission factors in CPAT are based on the GAINS model. The GAINS model methodology is described in (Amann et al., 2011). It is an integrated assessment model of air pollution, and features both an emissions model for various air pollutants and greenhouse gases (relevant here are primary PM2.5, SO2, NOx, NH3 and VOC, as well as CO2, CH4, BC, OC), as well as impact modules (which have not been used in the present exercise).