Modern applications and current status of green nanotechnology in environmental industry

Abstract Due to advancement in material world, nanomaterials have received great attention because of their superior chemical, physical, and biological properties. The properties of nanomaterials depend on the size, surface morphology, shape, and composition. They have been synthesized and modified in numerous ways to be used in defense, pharmaceutical, communication, agricultural, and environmental remediation. But, the increase in the production of nanomaterials at industrial-scale results in major issues related to human health and surroundings. Therefore, it has become a big challenge for the researchers to develop green routes for the synthesis of nanomaterials from bio-based sources using green nanotechnology with the least waste production. Green nanotechnology is the mode of synthesizing nanomaterials by biological methods including plants, microorganisms, viruses, proteins, and lipids. Green nanotechnology used to synthesize nanomaterials is highly advanced as compared to other physical and chemical methods. Green nanotechnology meets the present needs without compromising the ability of the future generation. It also reduces waste production by changing methods of generation and utilization. Green routes reduce the use of expensive chemicals, consume less energy, and produce environmentally friendly products and side products. The principles of green chemistry have been considered as a reference guide for researchers and scientists for exploring less hazardous waste production. This chapter includes types of nanomaterials and their advanced applications including battery recycling, construction industry, radioactive waste removal, and energy storage.