Raman Spectroscopy: Characterization of Edges, Defects, and the Fermi Energy of Graphene and sp 2 Carbons

From the basic physical concepts relating to the Raman spectra of graphene, we can develop characterization methods for point defects and the edge structure. Furthermore, the Fermi energy can be studied by the phonon softening phenomena of the Raman spectra. Finally, we also discuss recent progress on near-field optics.