Ketamine changes the local resting-state functional properties of anesthetized-monkey brain

Abstract Objective Ketamine is a well-known anesthetic. ‘Recreational’ use of ketamine common induces psychosis-like symptoms and cognitive impairments. The acute and chronic effects of ketamine on relevant brain circuits have been studied, but the effects of single-dose ketamine administration on the local resting-state functional properties of the brain remain unknown. In this study, we aimed to assess the effects of single-dose ketamine administration on the brain local intrinsic properties. Methods We used resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) to explore the ketamine-induced alterations of brain intrinsic properties. Seven adult rhesus monkeys were imaged with rs-fMRI to examine the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) in the brain before and after ketamine injection. Paired comparisons were used to detect the significantly altered regions. Results Results showed that the fALFF of the prefrontal cortex (p = 0.046), caudate nucleus (left side, p = 0.018; right side, p = 0.025), and putamen (p = 0.020) in post-injection stage significantly increased compared with those in pre-injection period. The ReHo of nucleus accumbens (p = 0.049), caudate nucleus (p = 0.037), and hippocampus (p = 0.025) increased after ketamine injection, but that of prefrontal cortex decreased (p  Conclusions These findings demonstrated that single-dose ketamine administration can change the regional intensity and synchronism of brain activity, thereby providing evidence of ketamine-induced abnormal resting-state functional properties in primates. This evidence may help further elucidate the effects of ketamine on the cerebral resting status.