The Association between Pathologic Complete Response after Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy and Postoperative Complications.

Introduction With growing interest in the watch-and-wait strategy, the benefits of avoiding surgery and its complications must be weighed against possible recurrence and need for salvage surgery. However, the relationship between pathologic complete response (pCR) and postoperative complications has not been well established. Methods This is a retrospective study using the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Proctectomy and Colectomy Procedure-Targeted databases from 2016 to 2018. The association between pCR and major complications, sepsis, anastomotic leak or organ space infection, return to the operating room, or septic shock was analyzed. Results A total of 3,878 rectal cancer patients who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy within 90 days of surgery were included in this study. The pCR rate was 12.8%. There was no statistically significant association between pCR and major complications (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 0.48, p = 0.12) after risk adjustment. Those with pCR had no statistically significant association with anastomotic leak or organ space infection, return to the operating room, or septic shock but had significantly lower odds of sepsis (adjusted OR = 0.42, p = 0.03). Conclusions It is reassuring that pCR is not associated with postoperative complications and that those with pCR are less likely to have postoperative sepsis after risk adjustment since postoperative sepsis after rectal surgery has been associated with poorer oncologic outcomes.