Copper conjugates of nimesulide Schiff bases targeting VEGF, COX and Bcl-2 in pancreatic cancer cells

Abstract Copper conjugates of Schiff base derivatives of nimesulide ( 1 ), a well-known cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, were synthesized, structurally characterized and evaluated for their COX selectivity indices and cytotoxicities on pancreatic tumor, BxPC-3 (COX-2 positive) and MiaPaCa (COX-2 negative) cell lines. Copper conjugates exhibit distorted square planar geometries as revealed by the single crystal X-ray structure determination of Cu ( L1 ) 2 and show significant growth inhibition in both cell lines (IC50 values 3–26 μM for COX-2 positive and 5–9 μM for COX-2 negative cell line) than the parent nimesulide (35 μM for COX-2 positive and >100 μM for COX-2 negative cell line). The mechanistic pathway for the biological activity involves inhibition of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and COX inhibition, as well as down regulation of antiapoptotic Bcl-2 and Bcl- XL proteins.