Magnetic reconnection and hot-spot formation in black-hole accretion disks

Hot spots, or plasmoids, forming due to magnetic reconnection in current sheets, are conjectured to power frequent X-ray and near-infrared flares from Sgr A*, the black hole in the center of our Galaxy. It is unclear how, where, and when current sheets form in black-hole accretion disks. We perform axisymmetric general-relativistic resistive magnetohydrodynamics simulations to model reconnection and plasmoid formation in a range of accretion flows. Current sheets and plasmoids are ubiquitous features which form regardless of the initial magnetic field in the disk, the magnetization in the quasi-steady-state phase of accretion, and the spin of the black hole. Within 10 Schwarzschild radii from the event horizon, we observe plasmoids forming, after which they can merge, grow to macroscopic scales of the order of a few Schwarzschild radii, and are ultimately advected along the jet's sheath or into the disk. Large plasmoids are energized to relativistic temperatures via reconnection and contribute to the jet's limb-brightening. We find that only hot spots forming in magnetically arrested disks can potentially explain the energetics of Sgr A* flares. The flare period is determined by the reconnection rate, which we find to be between 0.01c and 0.03c in all cases, consistent with studies of reconnection in isolated Harris-type current sheets. We quantify magnetic dissipation and non-ideal electric fields which can efficiently inject non-thermal particles. We show that explicit resistivity allows for converged numerical solutions, such that the electromagnetic energy evolution and dissipation become independent of the grid scale for the extreme resolutions considered here.