Exploring the Potential of Nanotechnology in Agriculture

Agriculture systems have been facing different problems and challenges due to severe environmental changes. Nanotechnology-based tools and systems have been envisaged as potential solutions to challenges of food security, productivity and agricultural sustainability owing to their miniature dimensions. Recent advancements in nanobased systems help to increase crop productivity by enhancing the overall effectiveness of inputs, monitoring relevant risks, and controlling losses. Nanotools such as nanoparticles, nanocapsules, and carbon nanotubes promote selective targeted delivery of plant nutrients and absorption of toxic chemicals and provide tolerance to crops against environmental stress. In this modern era, sustainable agriculture cannot be imagined without the applications of agrochemicals. However, these chemicals, including fertilizers and pesticides, are toxic in nature and are not suitable for the health of the soil, water, and human beings; therefore, there is a need for agrochemical practices that could reduce/eliminate such risks. To alleviate the deficiency of nutrients, disposal of toxins in the soil, risk of diseases in crops, nano fertilizers and nano pesticides could be good alternatives. Nano fertilizers initiate soil enrichment, facilitate the improved uptake of micro- and macronutrients and therefore enhance the productivity of crops. Furthermore, nano pesticides in low concentrations can protect crops from pests and have proven to be efficient, eco-friendly agents for crop protection. Nanosensors have wide prospects in sustainable agriculture for monitoring the growth of crops, conditions of soil, invasiveness of pests, microbial diseases and contamination in soil and water. These diagnostic devices are fast, reliable, and sensitive, and can detect traces of toxins very precisely. Nanomaterials are also playing an important role in the remediation of pollutants. These nanomaterials induce stress-tolerant microbes and increase their efficiency in degrading heavy metals present in the soil. In spite of many advantages of nanotechnology tools and techniques in agriculture, knowledge regarding nanomaterials is still lacking in many developing countries like India. In order to ensure sustainable agriculture, there is a need to explore and appreciate nanotechnology-based practices in agriculture. This chapter focuses on current research and future prospects for nanotechnology in agriculture with specific reference to the Indian scenario. It includes a detailed description of some promising nanotools and their applications in agriculture, nanomaterials, and nanosystems for sustainable agriculture practices, the scope of nanotechnology in India, and implications of nanotechnology in the future. This will allow readers to explore and better understand the advanced nanotools and nanomaterials, their innovative applications, and their scope , which may support them to combat agriculture-related problems.