An interactive network of long non-coding RNAs facilitates the Drosophila sex determination decision

Abstract Genome analysis in several eukaryotes shows a surprising number of transcripts which do not encode conventional messenger RNAs. Once considered noise, these non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) appear capable of controlling gene expression by various means. We find that Drosophila sex determination, specifically the master-switch gene Sex-lethal ( Sxl ), is regulated by long ncRNAs (> 200 nt). The lncRNAs influence the dose sensitive establishment promoter of Sxl , Sxl Pe , which must be activated to specify female sex. They are primarily from two regions, R1 and R2, upstream of Sxl Pe and show a dynamic developmental profile. Of the four lncRNA strands only one, R2 antisense, has its peak coincident with Sxl Pe transcription, suggesting that it may promote activation. Indeed, its expression is regulated by the X chromosome counting genes, whose dose determines whether Sxl Pe is transcribed. Transgenic lines which ectopically express each of the lncRNAs show they can act in trans , not only impacting the process of sex determination but also altering the levels of the other lncRNAs. Generally, expression of R1 is negative whereas R2 is positive to females. This ectopic expression also results in a change in the local chromatin marks, affecting the timing and strength of Sxl Pe transcription. The chromatin marks are those deposited by the Polycomb and trithorax groups of chromatin modifying proteins, which we find bind to the lncRNAs. We suggest that the increasing numbers of non-coding transcripts being identified are a harbinger of interacting networks similar to the one we describe.