Order of Magnitude Beam Current Improvement in Compact Cyclotrons

There is great need for high intensity proton beams from compact particle accelerators in particle physics, medical isotope production, and materials- and energy-research. To this end, the DAE$\delta$ALUS/IsoDAR collaboration is developing a compact isochronous cyclotron that will be able to deliver 10 mA of protons - an order of magnitude higher than on-market compact cyclotrons and a factor four higher than research machines. For the first time, vortex motion is incorporated in the design of a cyclotron, which is key to reaching high extracted beam current. We present high-fidelity simulations of the acceleration of a 5 mA H$_2^+$ beam (equivalent to 10 mA of protons) in this cyclotron, using the particle-in-cell code OPAL, demonstrating the feasibility of constructing this machine. The simulations are based on the latest cyclotron design and through them, we show that sufficient turn separation between the $(\mathrm{N}-1)^{th}$ and $\mathrm{N}^{th}$ turn can be achieved even with initially mismatched beams by careful placement of collimators to scrape away halo particles before the beam energy has reached 1.5 MeV/amu. We describe in detail the process for placement of electrostatic extraction channels. Beam losses on the septa of these channels stay below 50 W with beam quality sufficient for transport to the target. Furthermore, we present an uncertainty quantification of select beam input parameters using machine learning, showing the robustness of the design.