Short review on formulation of the bioinks for tendon and ligament 3D bioprinting

Abstract This review focuses on advances in the field of tendon bioprinting and ligament tissue engineering, as well as a discussion of the various mechanisms underlying the tendon and ligament tissue. All methods (cellular, non-cellular and both) aim to find complex living tissues capable of growing and maturing, using the same basic technology. To date, co-printing of cellular and non-cellular material has been identified as the most promising method for muscle applications because materials with good performance and good mechanical strength can be integrated within the same structure. Bioprinting publications for tendon and ligament applications are a developing field, and a detailed discussion of current challenges and future ideas is also presented in this review.