Achievement of over 17% efficiency with 30×30cm 2 -sized Cu(InGa)(SeS) 2 submodules

17.2 % efficiency on a 30×30cm 2 -sized Cu(InGa)(SeS) 2 (CIS-based) thin-film submodule is achieved. The structure of the submodule is the same as the previously reported one; i.e. monolithically integrated CIS-based cells on a Mo-deposited glass substrate with a Zn(O, S, OH) x buffer and a ZnO window. Current progress is brought by improving uniformity across respective layers and by reducing the optical loss of the ZnO window. For enhanced cost-competitiveness, we are pursuing both research & development and commercial production with unprecedented speed.